Light-guiding plate, lighting device and display device

ABSTRACT

A light-guiding plate, an optical source device and an electronic device. The light-guiding plate including an incident surface, and an emission surface substantially perpendicular to the incident surface. The incident surface has a surface substantially perpendicular to the incident surface, and has projections or depressions extending substantially parallel to the emission surface. The incident surface has flat planes among the projections or depressions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No.11/103,453, filed Apr. 12, 2005 which is now allowed, and which is aDivisional Application of and claims parent benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120to application Ser. No. 10/724,293, filed Dec. 1, 2003, now patented asU.S. Pat. No. 6,974,241, and claims priority benefit of JapaneseApplication Nos. 2002-347302, 2003-342724 and 2003-361180, filed Nov.29, 2002, Oct. 1, 2003 and Oct. 21, 2003, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Disclosure

The present invention relates to a reflector, a light, a light-guidingplate, and a display.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a display of a PC, a liquid crystal television, etc., a side lighttype light is used. In the case of a transmission type liquid crystaldisplay device, a planar lighting device (backlight) is arranged on theback surface side of the liquid crystal panel. A side light typebacklight includes a light-guiding plate, a light source arranged on oneside of the light-guiding plate, and a reflector.

A reflector has for example a semicircular sectional shape or U-shapeand is arranged to cover the light source, extend to the end parts ofthe light-guiding plate, and partially overlap the light-guiding plate.The light striking the incident surface of the light-guiding plateproceeds inside the light-guiding plate while being reflected.Therefore, to make the light be emitted from the emission surface of thelight-guiding plate, the light-guiding plate is formed into a wedgesectional shape or an optical element comprised of a prism array,microlens array, etc. is arranged there.

Light striking the light-guiding plate by a large angle is emitted froma position of the emission surface of the light-guiding plate near thelight source and sometimes becomes a cause of bright lines at theemission surface. Further, the weak intensity light sometimes becomes acause of dark lines at the emission surface. In a side light typebacklight, there is the problem of the occurrence of uneven brightnessincluding bright lines and dark lines.

Further, in a conventional side light type backlight, the enteringsurface is not processed at all, so there is the problem of theluminance near the light source ending up falling. FIG. 30 shows theresults of verification of the luminance distribution in a perpendiculardirection from the light source due to differences in treatment ofentering surfaces. The reflection surface of the light-guiding plateuses a prism light-guiding plate and emits light from the emissionsurface inclined from the normal by 60 to 70 degrees. The emitted lightis bent in the normal direction by the downward-facing prism lens sheet.From the results, it can be confirmed that the conventional luminancedistribution in the flat state of the entering surface with no treatmentgiven exhibits a drop in the luminance near about 20 mm near the lightsource.

To solve this problem, it has been proposed to roughen the incidentsurface of the light-guiding plate to eliminate the uneven luminance(see for example Patent Document 1 below). The light strikes theroughened incident surface and is scattered. The amount of light emittedfrom the part of the emission surface of the light-guiding plate nearthe light source increases, but the amount of light emitted from thepart of the emission surface of the light-guiding plate far from thelight source ends up becoming smaller. Further, part of the lightscattered at the incident surface of the light-guiding plate is noteffectively propagated inside the light-guiding plate and the efficiencyof utilization of the light drops. The roughening is performed uniformlyover the entire incident surface of the light-guiding plate.

FIG. 30 shows the luminance distributions in the case of attachingdiffusion treated tapes instead of diffusion treatment of the enteringsurface. By diffusion treatment of the entering surface, the luminancenear the light source rises, but the amount of light at the far partbecomes smaller, so there was the problem that the luminance ended upgradually falling.

Further, there is a proposal to arrange a prism sheet between the lightsource and the light-guiding plate (for example, see Patent Documents 2and 3 below). The diffusion light emitted from the light source iscondensed by the prism sheet to become highly oriented light whichstrikes the incident surface of the light-guiding plate. However, ifhighly oriented light strikes the incident surface of the light-guidingplate, the amount of emission of light from the end part of thelight-guiding plate near the light source becomes smaller and the unevenluminance at the end part of the light-guiding plate near the lightsource is not eliminated.

Further, there is a proposal to form grooves extending perpendicular tothe emission surface of the light-guiding plate at the incident surfaceof the light-guiding plate (for example, see Patent Document-4 below).This prior art has as its object the provision of a display becomingdarker at the end part positioned at the electrode of the lamp formingthe light source.

Further, there is a proposal to form an inclined surface reflectinglight at an end part of a reflection sheet arranged at a reflectionsurface side of a light-guiding plate at the side opposite to theemission surface (for example, see Patent Document 5 below). In thisprior art, the phenomenon of wide angle light emitted from the lightsource being reflected at the end part of the reflection sheet andstriking the light-guiding plate is prevented by making such light bereflected at the inclined surface of the reflection sheet and returningit to the light source side. Due to this, the appearance of bright linesat the emission surface of the light-guiding plate is prevented.However, this prior art can only be used in a basic configuration wherethe end part of the reflection sheet is arranged between thelight-guiding plate and one end part of the reflector, and the other endpart of the reflector is in close contact with the light-guiding plate.When the end part of the reflection sheet is arranged at the outsidefrom one end part of the reflector or when there is a gap between theother end part of the reflector and the light-guiding plate, this priorart cannot be applied.

Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (A) No.9-160035

Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (A) No.9-166713

Patent Document 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (A) No.2000-260216

Patent Document 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (A) No.10-253957

Patent Document 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (A) No.2002-216522

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a lighting device, alight-guiding plate, and a display device excellent in uniformity ofluminance free from bright lines and other unevenness of luminance.

The reflector according to the present invention is characterized byhaving a curved part and a pair of end parts extending at the two sidesof the curved part and by the inside surface of each end part having aplurality of substantially parallel projections or depressions.

According to this configuration, the light emitted from the light sourceis reflected at the projections or depressions of the inside surfaces ofthe end parts of the reflector and returns toward the light source. Dueto this, the light emitted from the light source is prevented fromstriking the light-guiding plate by a large angle, being emitted fromthe emission surface, and generating bright lines.

A lighting device according to the present invention is characterized inthat it is comprised of said reflector, light-guiding plate, and lightsource, said light source is arranged at a side of said light-guidingplate, said reflector is arranged around said light source, and said endparts of said reflector partially overlap said light-guiding plate.

Further, it is possible to form a display device along with thislighting device.

In this case as well, bright lines are prevented from occurring.

Further, a light-guiding plate according to the present inventioncomprises an incident surface and an emission surface substantiallyperpendicular to said incident surface, said incident surface having aplurality of projections or depressions extending substantially parallelto said emission surface.

According to this configuration, it is possible for the projections ordepressions provided at the inside surface of the light-guiding plate tocorrect the angular distribution and intensity distribution of the lightsource and to obtain a light with an excellent uniformity of luminancefree of uneven luminance. In this case, since the projections ordepressions extend substantially parallel to the emission surface of thelight-guiding plate, it is possible to eliminate uneven luminanceincluding bright lines and dark lines.

Further, the present invention provides a display device comprising theabove reflector, the above light-guiding plate, a light source, and adisplay element, said light source being arranged at a side of saidlight-guiding plate, a curved part of said reflector being arrangedaround said light source, and said end parts of said reflector partiallyoverlapping said light-guiding plate.

Further, the light-guiding plate of the present invention ischaracterized in that the shape of the plurality of projections ordepressions of the incident surface changes according to the positionand becomes larger the more to the top and bottom ends far from thelight source and smaller the more to the center close to the lightsource. Near the entering surface, light is provided from theprojections or depressions of the top and bottom ends. Far it, morelight is provided far from the center part with few projections ordepressions. Due to this, it becomes possible to provide light both nearto and far from the entering surface.

Further, the light-guiding plate of the present invention ischaracterized in that the pitch of the plurality of projections ordepressions of the incident surface changes according to the positionwith the pitch becoming smaller the further to the top and bottom endsfar from the light source and with the pitch becoming larger the more tothe center close to the light source. Due to this, it becomes possibleto provide light both near to and far from the entering surface.

Further, the light-guiding plate of the present invention ischaracterized by having said entering surface and a reflection surfacehaving a prism array continuously forming prisms parallel to thelongitudinal direction of said incident surface. It is possible torealize a substantially uniform luminance distribution from near thelight source to opposite the light source by the combination of thisentering surface and reflection surface.

Further, the light-guiding plate of the present invention ischaracterized by having said incident surface and an emission surfacehaving a prism array continuously forming prisms perpendicular to thelongitudinal direction of said entering surface. By this emissionsurface, it is possible to condense the light in a direction parallel tothe longitudinal direction of the entering surface.

Further, the present invention is characterized in that in saidlight-guiding plate, the reflection sheet is comprised of a sheet onwhich aluminum, a silver alloy, or another metal is vapor deposited orto which a metal film is bonded (regular reflection rate of at least80%). Compared with a conventional thermoplastic resin sheet in or onwhich titanium oxide, barium titanate, etc. is mixed or coated, there isless diffusion of light reflected at the reflection sheet and theoverall luminance can be improved.

Further, according to the characteristics of the present invention, theplanar light device is provided with a side light source, alight-guiding plate, and a prism sheet, the side light source isarranged at the side surface of one of the two side surfaces facing eachother at that light-guiding plate, the light-guiding plate and saidprism sheet are arranged superposed on each other, and the prism sheetincludes a plurality of prism parts at the light-guiding plate side andis configured so that the ratio of the area of inclined surfaces perunit area is reduced at a region of a range up to a predetermineddistance from the side light source compared with the center region.

Further, the present invention provides the above prism sheet. Further,the present invention provides a liquid crystal display device includingthe above planar lighting device. The present invention further providesan electronic device including the above liquid crystal display device.

Due to the above characteristics, the effects are exhibited that it ispossible to reduce the light near the light source in a planar lightingdevice and that a planar lighting device having an overall uniformluminance distribution including near the light source can be realized.

Additional aspects and/or advantages will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows and, in part, will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects and advantages will become apparent and morereadily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a lighting device of anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged side view of part of the lighting device of FIG.1;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of projections or depressions at an insidesurface of an end part of a reflector of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a view explaining the basic action of the lighting device;

FIG. 5 is a view of an example of light being reflected at the end partsof the reflector and striking the emission surface and the reflectionsurface of a light-guiding plate in the case of no projections ordepressions;

FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of light reflected at an end part ofa reflector striking the light-guiding plate from the edge of anincident surface of the light-guiding plate in FIG. 7 is a view of anexample of light passing through the edge of the incident surface of thelight-guiding plate and being reflected at the end part of the reflectorstriking the light-guiding plate in the case of no projections ordepressions;

FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of an example of a lighting deviceof the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a light-guiding plate of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a view of an example of light striking an incident surface ofa light-guiding plate in the case of no projections or depressions;

FIG. 11 is a view of an example of a stripe pattern of brightness at anemission surface of a light-guiding plate in the case of no projectionsor depressions of FIGS. 8 and 9;

FIG. 12 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.8;

FIG. 13 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.8;

FIGS. 14A and 14B are partial enlarged views of a light-guiding plate ofFIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.13;

FIGS. 16A and 16B are partial enlarged views of a light-guiding plate ofFIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.8;

FIG. 18 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.17;

FIG. 19 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.17;

FIG. 20 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of FIG.17;

FIG. 21 is a schematic sectional view of an example of a light of thepresent invention;

FIG. 22 is a view of a modification of a light-guiding plate;

FIG. 23 is a view of a modification of a lighting device;

FIG. 24 is a partial enlarged view of a prism array of FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 is a view of a modification of a lighting device;

FIG. 26 is a partial enlarged view of the prism array of FIG. 25;

FIG. 27 is a view of a modification of a lighting device;

FIG. 28 is a view of a display of an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 29 is a view of a modification of the lighting device of thepresent invention;

FIG. 30 is a view of a brightness distribution due to differences inprocessing of an entering surface;

FIG. 31 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate of thepresent invention;

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a liquid crystal display including aplanar light source in a portable electronic device according to anembodiment of the present invention and shows a microprocessor, a lightsource controller, and a light source drive;

FIGS. 33A to 33D show structures of a prism sheet according to thepresent invention and a modifications of the same;

FIGS. 34A to 34C show prism sheets having still other structuresmodifying the prism sheet according to the present invention;

FIG. 35A shows the partially enlarged structure of prism parts at aregion far from the light source;

FIG. 35B shows the partially enlarged structure of prism parts at aregion near the light source;

FIG. 36A is a side view of a planar light source device in theY-direction;

FIG. 36B shows the luminance at a front surface side of a liquid crystalpanel with respect to the distance from the light source in theX-direction;

FIG. 37A is a side view of a planar light source device having a prismsheet treated for diffusion to make the luminance more uniform at aregion near the light source;

FIG. 37B shows the degree of diffusion treatment with respect to thedistance from the light source in the X-direction at the prism sheet ofFIG. 37A;

FIG. 38A is a side view of a planar light source device having a prismsheet treated for diffusion to make the luminance more uniform at aregion near the light source and treated for diffusion to enlarge theviewing angle;

FIG. 38B shows the distribution of the degree of diffusion treatmentwith respect to the distance from the light source in the X-direction atthe prism sheet of FIG. 38A;

FIG. 39A is a side view of a planar light source device having a prismsheet treated for diffusion to make the luminance more uniform andenlarge the viewing angle at a region near the light source;

FIG. 39B shows the distribution of the degree of diffusion treatmentwith respect to the distance from the light source in the X-direction atthe prism sheet of FIG. 39A;

FIG. 40 shows diffusion having a degree of diffusion different in theX-direction and Y-direction in the prism sheet 40;

FIG. 41A shows a perspective view of a prism sheet having a prism partsplit in the Y-direction by a plurality of grooves;

FIGS. 41B to 41D show side views of the prism sheet as seen in the B-,C-, and D-directions in FIG. 41A; and

FIGS. 42A to 42E show the basic shapes of prism parts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. Theembodiments are described below to explain the present invention byreferring to the figures.

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a lighting device 10 of anembodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged side view ofpart of the lighting device of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a sectional view ofprojections or depressions 34 at an inside surface of an end part 32 ofa reflector 16 of FIG. 2.

The lighting device 10 is comprised of a light-guiding plate 12, arod-shaped light source 14 comprised of a cold cathode fluorescent lamparranged on one side of the light-guiding plate 12, and a reflector 16covering the light source 14.

The light-guiding plate 12 has an incident surface (end surface) 18extending long parallel to the light source 14, an emission surface (topsurface) 20 substantially perpendicular to the incident surface 18, anda reflection surface (bottom surface) 22 at the side opposite to theemission surface 20. The light-guiding plate 12 is formed in a wedgeshape. The reflection surface 22 is inclined with respect to theemission surface 20. A diffusion plate 24 and a prism sheet 26 or otherlight adjusting sheet are arranged on the emission surface 20 side ofthe light-guiding plate 12, while a reflection sheet 28 is arranged onthe reflection surface 22 side of the light-guiding plate 12.

The light-guiding plate 12 is made from transparent acrylic resin (PMMA)having a refractive index of 1.49. However, the light-guiding plate 12may be made by a resin other than an acrylic resin. For example, anoptically transparent material having a refractive index of 1.4 to 1.7,for example, polycarbonate (PC), may be employed. The reflection surface22 of the light-guiding plate 112 is provided with dots 21 of adiffusion material (FIG. 4) by printing etc. The reflector 16 iscomprised of a nonconductive sheet on which aluminum, a silver alloy, orother metal is vapor deposited. The reflection sheet 28 is comprised ofa nonconductive sheet on which aluminum or another metal is vapordeposited, on which a metal film is bonded, or with or on which titaniumoxide, barium titanate, etc. is mixed or coated.

The reflector 16 has a curved part 30 covering the light source 14 and apair of end parts 32 extending in parallel at the two sides of thecurved part 30. The end parts 32 extend over the incident surface 18 ofthe light-guiding plate 12 to partially overlap the light-guiding plate12. There is a gap between the end parts 32 and the light-guiding plate12. If bringing the end parts 32 and the light-guiding plate 12 intoclose contact, a structure for holding down the end parts 32 from theemission surface 20 side becomes necessary. Further, if bonding the endparts 32 and the light-guiding plate 12, use of an adhesive becomesnecessary. If using an adhesive, the optical properties are liable tochange.

The reflection sheet 28 is arranged at the outside from an end part 32of the reflector 16 (side far from light-guiding plate 12). If thereflection sheet 28 is arranged outside from the end part 32 of thereflector 16, when assembling the light 10, it is sufficient to place aunit comprised of the light-guiding plate 12, light source 14, andreflector 16 on the reflection sheet 28, so assembly becomes easy.

In the reflector 16, the inside surface of each end part 32 overlappingthe light-guiding plate 12 has a plurality of projections or depressions(rib structures or groove structures) 34. In FIGS. 2 and 3, theprojections or depressions 34 are formed as triangular grooves(V-grooves) provided at the inside surface of the end part 30. Eachtriangular groove is formed by two inclined surfaces 34 a and 34 bextending long in parallel to the light source 14. As shown in FIG. 3,light L reaching the projections or depressions 34 by a large angle isreflected at the inclined surface 34 b and returned to the incidentsurface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12. The angle A between the twoinclined surfaces 34 a and 34 b is preferably 90 degrees. Of course, thedepth or interval of the triangular grooves (V-grooves) can be changedconsidering the thickness of the reflector 16, the working conditions(for example, pressing), etc. A continuous sawtooth shape is alsopossible. In the present invention, the projections or depressions 34are formed integrally with the reflector 16, so there is no increase inthe number of parts and assembly of the lighting device 10 is also easy.

FIG. 4 is a view explaining the basic action of the lighting device 10.The light striking the incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12is not directly emitted from the emission surface 20 of thelight-guiding plate 12, but is propagated inside the light-guiding plate12 while being reflected at the emission surface 20 and the reflectionsurface 22. The reflection surface 22 is inclined with respect to theemission surface 20, so the angle of the light reflected at thereflection surface with respect to the normal of the emission surface 20becomes smaller and the light is emitted from the emission surface 20 alittle at a time as it proceeds toward the end surface at the oppositeside to the incident surface 18. In this way, the light is emitted fromthe emission surface 20 as a whole.

FIG. 5 is a view of an example of light being reflected at the end parts32 of the reflector 16 and striking the emission surface 20 andreflection surface 22 of the light-guiding plate 12 in the case of noprojections or depressions 34 and a gap between the light-guiding plate12 and reflector 16. If there are no projections or depressions 34, iflight strikes the emission surface 20 and reflection surface 22 of thelight-guiding plate 12 by a relatively large angle, the light is emittedfrom the emission surface 20 at positions close to the overlapping partsof the reflector 16 and the light-guiding plate 12 and bright lines arecaused at the emission surface 20. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3,the inside surfaces of the end parts 32 of the reflector 32 are providedwith projections or depressions 34 to cause such light to be reflectedat the inclined surfaces 34 b of the projections or depressions 34 andreturn in the direction of the light source 14 to eliminate the brightlines.

FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of light reflected at an end part 32of the reflector 16 passing through the edge of the incident surface 18of the light-guiding plate 12 and striking the light-guiding plate 12 inthe case of no projections or depressions 34. The edges of the incidentsurface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 sometime are rounded when seenmicroscopically. In this case as well, the light strikes with a largeangle and bright lines occur on the emission surface 20.

FIG. 7 is a view of an example of light passing through the edge of theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 and being reflected atthe end part 32 of the reflector 16 striking the emission surface 20 andthe reflection surface 22 of the light-guiding plate in the case of noprojections or depressions 34. If viewing microscopically the edges ofthe incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12, sometimes burrsare included. In this case as well, the light strikes by a large angleand bright lines occur at the emission surface 20.

As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, bright lines occur when the edges of theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 are imperfect.Therefore, projections or depressions 34 are provided at the insidesurfaces of the end parts 32 of the reflector 16 so that undesirablelight is reflected at the inclined surfaces 34 b of the projections ordepressions 34 and returned in the direction of the light source 14 sothat bright lines do not occur.

Therefore, light passing through the gaps of the overlapping parts ofthe end parts 32 of the reflector 16 and the light-guiding plate 12 orthe imperfect edges of the incident surface 18 of the light-guidingplate 12 has a harder time heading in the direction of the end face ofthe light-guiding plate 12 at the opposite side of the incident surface18 due to the triangular grooves (V-grooves) (amount of light heading toend face of opposite side is reduced) or returns to the incident surface18 side of the light-guiding plate 12, whereby bright lines occurring ata position of the emission surface 20 of the light-guiding plate 12close to the light source 14 are reduced.

FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of an example of a lighting device10 of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of alight-guiding plate 12 of FIG. 8. The lighting device 10 is comprised ofa light-guiding plate 12, a rod-shaped light source 14 comprised of acold cathode fluorescent lamp arranged on one side of the light-guidingplate 12, and a reflector 16 covering the light source 14.

The light-guiding plate 12 has an incident surface 18 extending longparallel to the light source 14, an emission surface 20 substantiallyperpendicular to the incident surface 18, and a surface (reflectionsurface) 22 at the opposite side to the emission surface 20. Thelight-guiding plate 12 is formed in a wedge shape with the reflectionsurface 22 inclined with respect to the emission surface 20. It is alsopossible to provide a diffusion plate 24 or prism sheet 26 or otherlight adjusting sheet and a reflection sheet 28 shown in FIG. 1. Thereflector 16 has a curved part 30 covering the light source 14 and apair of end parts 32 extending parallel at the two-sides of the curvedpart 30. The end parts 32 extend over the incident surface 18 of thelight-guiding plate 12 to partially overlap the light-guiding plate 12.

In the light-guiding plate 12, the incident surface 18 has a pluralityof projections or depressions (rib structures or groove structures) 36extending substantially in parallel with the emission surface 20. Theprojections or depressions 36 prevent striped patterns of brightness(uneven brightness) at the emission surface 20.

In the conventional side light type backlight, there was the problemthat near the incident surface, parts of high luminance levels (that is,bright lines) and parts of low luminance levels (that is, dark lines)occurred in parallel with the incident surface 18 and uneven luminanceoccurred in the emission light. The occurrence of such bright lines anddark lines resulted in a reduction of the commercial value as a planarlight source used for a liquid crystal display device. Prevention ofthis had become a big issue. This uneven luminance occurs due to thedifference in the angular distribution of the light striking from theincident surface 18 depending on the position in the vertical directionof the incident surface 18.

FIG. 10 is a view of an example of light striking an incident surface 18of a light-guiding plate 12 in the case of no projections or depressions36. In FIG. 10, part of the light emitted from the light source 14directly strikes the light-guiding plate 12, while another part of thelight emitted from the light source 14 is reflected at the reflector 16,then (indirectly) strikes the light-guiding plate 12. The directlystriking light reaches the incident surface 18 of the light-guidingplate 12 with substantially zero loss, so the intensity of the light isgreat, but the indirectly striking light suffers some loss whenreflected at the reflector 16, so the intensity of the light is small.

The amount and angular distribution of directly striking light andindirectly striking light differ depending on the position of theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12. For example, for thedirectly striking light, the angular distribution B of the lightstriking the center P of the incident surface 18 near the light source14 becomes larger than the angular distribution C of the light strikingthe top and bottom ends Q of the incident surface 18. The lightreflected at the reflector 16 and striking the incident surface 18strikes by a larger angle and relatively weaker intensity compared withthe directly striking light. As a result, for the light striking thecenter P of the incident surface 18, light having a large intensitystrikes by a large angular range, while for light striking the top andbottom ends Q of the incident surface 18, light having a large intensitystrikes with a small angular range. That is, for light striking the topand bottom ends Q of the incident surface 18, light with a largemagnitude strikes with a small intensity.

FIG. 11 is a view of an example of a stripe pattern of brightness at anemission surface of a light-guiding plate in the case of no projectionsor depressions of FIGS. 8 and 9. The distribution of the light emittedfrom the emission surface 20 of the light-guiding plate 20 becomes forexample the weak light La, strong light Lb, strong light Lc, stronglight Ld, and weak light Le. The light striking the top and bottom endsQ of the incident surface 18 has a small intensity at a certainincidence angle and is emitted from the emission surface 20 as the weaklight La and Le. The light striking the center P of the incident surface18 has a large intensity at the same angle and is emitted from theemission surface 20 as the strong light Lb, Lc, and Ld. Therefore, astriped pattern of brightness occurs.

In FIGS. 8 and 9, the light striking the incident surface 18 of thelight-guiding plate 12 is refracted at the projections or depressions 36of the incident surface 18, while the strong light directly striking thelight-guiding plate 12 from the light source 14 spreads toward theemission surface 20 and reflection surface 22 side. Therefore, for thelight striking the top and bottom ends Q of the incident surface 18,light having a large intensity proceeds in the light-guiding plate 12with a large angular range. Therefore, for example, the weak light Laand Le of FIG. 11 become strong light and the striped pattern ofbrightness disappears. At the center P of the incident surface 18, theincident surface 18 is left flat. By providing the projections ordepressions 36 at the incident surface 18, the light does not scatter tothe four directions and loss can be suppressed compared with the methodof roughening the incident surface. Further, the structures can bemanaged by the shapes and dimensions of the projections or depressions36 extending straight rather than by the surface roughness (Ra) andother statistical techniques.

FIG. 12 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 8. In this example, the shape of the plurality of projections ordepressions 36 extending along the long side of the incident surface 18of the light-guiding plate 12 is made to change in accordance with theposition of the incident surface 18. The projections or depressions 36become larger the more to the top and bottom ends far from the lightsource 14 and become smaller the more to the center close to the lightsource 14. The more to the center close to the light source 14 where theangle of the directly striking light is large, the larger (broader) ismade the area of the flat surface of the incident surface 18perpendicular to the emission surface 20, while conversely the more tothe top and bottom ends far from the light source 14 where the angle ofthe directly striking light is small, the smaller (narrower) is made thearea of the flat surface of the incident surface 18 perpendicular to theemission surface 20 so as to keep the angular distribution of the lightstriking the light-guiding plate 12 from changing depending on theposition of the incident surface.

FIG. 13 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 8. In this example, a plurality of projections or depressions 36are formed along the long side direction of the incident surface 18.When viewed by the short side direction of the incident surface 18, theyare formed as wavy curves. The light striking the light-guiding plate 12is refracted by the projections or depressions 36 of the incidentsurface 18 toward the emission surface 20 and reflection surface 22,while the strong light directly striking the light-guiding plate 12 fromthe light source 14 heads toward the emission surface 20 and reflectionsurface 22 close to the light source 14.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are partial enlarged views of a light-guiding plate ofFIG. 13. FIG. 14A is a view showing the projections or depressions 36enlarged. The light striking the incident surface 18 is refracted at theprojections or depressions 36 and proceed in the light-guiding plate 12while being enlarged in angular range. FIG. 14B is a view showingmacroscopically the projections or depressions 36. The light strikingthe incident surface 18 proceeds in the light-guiding plate 12 whilebeing enlarged in angular range as a whole in the projections ordepressions 36.

FIG. 15 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 13. FIGS. 16A and 16B are partial enlarged views of a light-guidingplate of FIG. 15. FIG. 16A is a view showing the enlarged projections ordepressions 36 in the center P of FIG. 15. FIG. 16B is a view showingthe enlarged projections or depressions 36 at the top and bottom ends Qof FIG. 15.

In this example, in the same way as the example of FIG. 13, a pluralityof projections or depressions 36 are formed along the long sidedirection of the incident surface 18. When viewed by the short sidedirection of the incident surface 18, they are formed as wavy curves.Further, the projections or depressions 36 are shaped so that the moreto the center close to the light source 14 where the angle of thedirectly striking light is large, the smaller the amplitude of the wavycurves (the flatter the curves), the smaller the change in inclination,and the closer to a flat surface, while the more to the top and bottomends far from the light source 14 where the angle of the directlystriking light is small, the larger the amplitude of the wavy curves andthe larger the change in inclination and so that the angulardistribution of the light striking the light-guiding plate 12 does notchange depending on the position of the incident surface 18. By doingthis, strong light heads to regions conventionally becoming dark linesand the unevenness of bright lines and dark lines is reduced.

FIG. 17 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 8. In the example of FIG. 8, a plurality of projections ordepressions 36 are formed as round-shaped section projections formedalong the long side direction of the incident surface 18, but in thisexample, a plurality of projections or depressions 36 are formed asV-shaped section projections formed along the long side direction of theincident surface 18. The V-shaped section projections extend longstraight in parallel. For example, the vertical angle of the V-shapedsection projections is 90 degrees, the depth is 25 μm, and the intervalis 100 μm. Of course, the heights or intervals of the sectional shapescan be changed considering the thickness, working conditions (forexample, press forming), etc. of the light-guiding plate 12. The shapecan also be made a continuous sawtooth shape. The action of thelight-guiding plate 12 is similar to the action of the light-guidingplate 12 of FIG. 8.

FIG. 18 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 17. The shape and pitch of the plurality of projections ordepressions 36 of the incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12of FIG. 17 can be changed to those of the plurality of projections ordepressions 36 of the incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12of FIG. 12 and FIG. 15. In FIG. 18, in the projections or depressions 36formed as projections of the V-sectional shape, the vertical angle ofthe V-shaped section projections is 90 degrees to 150 degrees,preferably 120 degrees. The V-shaped section projections are formed atintervals of 0.01 to 0.1 mm. The heights of the V-shaped sectionprojections are adjusted so that the lengths of the flat surfaces in theshort-side direction of the incident surface 18 between the V-shapedsection projections becomes 20 to 80% with respect to the intervals ofthe V-shaped section projections. For example, the thickness of thelight-guiding plate 12 is 2 mm, and 40 of the V-shaped sectionprojections are formed at a pitch of 50 μm. The height of the V-shapedsection projections positioned at the top and bottom ends of theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 is about 20 μm, whilethe height of the projections is reduced the closer to the center of theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12. The action of thelight-guiding plate 12 is similar to the action of the light-guidingplate 12 of FIG. 12.

FIG. 19 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 17. In this example, the plurality of projections or depressions 36of the incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 are formed asV-shaped section grooves formed along the long-side direction of theincident surface 18. The action of the light-guiding plate 12 is similarto the action of the light-guiding plate 12 of FIG. 8. Note that theprojections or depressions 36 shown from FIG. 8 to FIG. 15 may also beformed as depressions formed along the long-side direction of theincident surface 18.

FIG. 20 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 ofFIG. 17. In this example, the plurality of projections or depressions ofthe incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 are formed insectional projecting shapes or sectional groove shapes by combining aplurality of planes. The action of the light-guiding plate 12 is similarto the action of the light-guiding plate 12 of FIG. 8.

The sectional shape of the plurality of projections or depressions 36 ofthe incident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 may be a curvedshape such as a sine wave curve. Further, it may be made a depressedprism. Further, it need not be a prism, but also may be made an arcsectional shape. In this case, the curve may be formed approximately bya plurality of lines.

FIG. 21 is a schematic sectional view of another example of the lightingdevice 10 of the present invention. The lighting device 10 is comprisedof a light-guiding plate 12, a rod-shaped light source 14 comprised of acold cathode fluorescent lamp arranged at one side part of thelight-guiding plate 12, and a reflector 16 covering the light source 14.The light-guiding plate 12 has an incident surface 18 extending longparallel to the light source 14, an emission surface 20 substantiallyperpendicular to the incident surface 18, and a reflection surface 22 atthe side opposite to the emission surface 20. Further, the diffusionplate 24 and prism sheet 26 or other light adjusting sheet are arrangedat the emission surface 20 side of the light-guiding plate 12, while thereflection sheet 28 is arranged at the reflection surface 22 side of thelight-guiding plate 12. The reflector 16 has a curved part covering thelight source 14 and a pair of end parts 32 extending long in parallel atthe two sides of the curved part 30. The end parts 32 extend over theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 to partially overlapthe light-guiding plate 12.

In the lighting device 10 of FIG. 21, the light-guiding plate 12 has aplurality of projections or depressions 36 shown from FIG. 8 to FIG. 20at the incident surface 18, while the reflector 16 has a plurality ofprojections or depressions 34 shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 at the insidesurface of the end parts 32. Therefore, the light 10 of FIG. 21 hastogether the features of the reflector explained previously and thefeatures of the light-guiding plate 12 explained previously. Further,the projections or depressions 36 of the light-guiding plate 12 refractthe light toward the emission surface 20 and reflection surface 22, sothe incidence angle of the light with respect to the emission surface 20becomes larger and light can be emitted by a large angle at a positionclose to the incident surface 18 of the emission surface 20. Theprojections or depressions 34 of the reflector 16 not only prevent thebright lines explained with reference to FIG. 5 to FIG. 7, but alsoprevent the occurrence of bright lines occurring when light refracted bythe projections or depressions 36 of the light-guiding plate 12 isemitted from the emission surface 20.

FIG. 22 is a view of a modification of a light-guiding plate 12. In thisexample, the light-guiding plate 12 is formed with a microlens array 38comprised of spherical depressions arranged at the reflection surface22. The microlens array 38 is provided instead of the dots 21 of thediffusion material and assists the emission of light proceeding throughthe light-guiding plate 12 from the emission surface. This microlensarray 38 is formed so as to become denser the further from the incidentsurface. Light is emitted uniformly at far locations and close locationsfrom the incident surface 18. Note that the incident surface 18 isprovided with a plurality of projections or depressions 36 shown fromFIG. 8 to FIG. 20. Instead of the microlens array 38, it is alsopossible to use a microlens array comprised of spherical projections.

FIG. 23 is a view of a modification of the light 10. In this example,the light-guiding plate 12 is provided at the reflection surface 22 witha prism array 40 comprised of prisms formed continuously in parallel tothe longitudinal direction of the incident surface 18. FIG. 24 is apartially enlarged view of the prism array 40 of FIG. 23. For example,it is possible to make the interval of the prisms 0.1 to 0.5 mm, makethe inclination of the angle of the inclined surface (a surface) 40 afacing the opposite side of the incident surface of the prism withrespect to the emission surface 20 0 to 5 degrees, make the inclinationof the inclined surface (.beta. surface) facing the incident surfaceside with respect to the emission surface 20 40 to 50 degrees, make theguided light be fully reflected at the beta. surface 40 b, and make itbe emitted in the normal direction of the emission surface 20.

FIG. 25 is a view of a modification of the lighting device 10. FIG. 26is a partial enlarged view of the prism array 40 of FIG. 25. In thisexample, the a surface 40 a and the beta. surface 40 b of the prismarray 40 are switched from those of FIG. 23, the guided light is fullyreflected at the a surface 40 a, the light is emitted in a directioninclined 60 to 70 degrees from the normal of the emission surface 20 andis refracted in the normal direction of the emission surface 20 by theprism sheet 26.

FIG. 27 is a view of a modification of the lighting device 10. In thisexample, instead of the combination of the light source 14 and thereflector 16, a light type comprised of point light sources, that is,LEDs 44, arranged at the two sides of a long light-guiding member 42 isused: The light-guiding member 42 is arranged at one side part of thelight-guiding plate 12. Light emitted from the LEDs passes through thelight-guiding member 42 and strikes the light-guiding plate 12. Theincident surface 18 of the light-guiding plate 12 is formed with aplurality of projections or depressions 36 shown from FIG. 8 to FIG. 20.The action of this light is similar to the action of the light 10 ofFIG. 8.

FIG. 28 is a view of a display device 100 of an embodiment of thepresent invention. The liquid crystal display device 100 includes thelighting device 10 and a display element 90 of any of FIG. 1 to FIG. 27.The lighting device 10 is used as a side light type backlight in thedisplay device 100. Preferably, the display element 90 is comprised of aliquid crystal panel.

FIG. 29 is a view of a modification of the lighting device 10 of thepresent invention. In this example, the incident surface 18 of thelight-guiding plate 12 has projections or depressions 36, while thereflection surface 22 is provided with a prism array 40 comprised ofprisms continuously formed parallel to the longitudinal direction of theincident surface 18. The guided light is fully reflected at the asurface 40 a and the light emitted in a direction inclined by 60 to 70degrees from the normal of the emission surface 20 and is refracted inthe normal direction of the emission surface 20 by the prism sheet 26.When combining the incident surface 18 and reflection surface 22, asshown in FIG. 30, as a result of a corroborative experiment, it ispossible to obtain a substantially uniform luminance distribution fromnear the light source to far from it. Further, if using a reflectionsheet 28 on which a high regular reflectance aluminum, silver alloy, orother metal is vapor deposited or a metal film is bonded, the diffusiondue to the reflection sheet becomes smaller and more light can beprovided to the prism.

FIG. 30 shows the results of an experiment corroborating the luminancedistribution in a direction perpendicular from the light source due todifferences in processing of the incident surface 18. The reflectionsurface 22 of the light-guiding plate uses a prism light-guiding plate(prism array 40) and emits light inclined 60 to 70 degrees from normalfrom the emission surface 20. The emitted light is bent in the normaldirection by the downward facing prism lens sheet 26. When the treatmentof the incident surface 18 is flattening, the drop in luminance at the20 mm near side near the light source is remarkable. Further, when thetreatment of the incident surface 18 is diffusion treatment, theluminance of at the 20 mm side near the light source is improved, butthe amount of light heading to the inside is small and the luminance faraway ends up falling. Further, when the treatment of the incidentsurface 18 is prismatic, it is possible to obtain a substantiallyuniform luminance distribution from near the light source to far fromit.

FIG. 31 is a view of a modification of the light-guiding plate 12 of thepresent invention. The emission surface 20 of the light-guiding plate 12is provided with a triangular shaped prism 41. Due to the effects ofthis prism, it is possible to concentrate light of a direction parallelto the longitudinal direction of the incident surface.

Next, the features of the prism sheet will be explained. In the presentinvention, the features of the reflector and/or the features of thelight-guiding plate explained above can be combined with the features ofthe prism sheet explained from here.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a transmission type liquid crystaldisplay device (LCD) 100 in a portable electronic device according to anembodiment of the present invention such as a notebook type personalcomputer or PDA (personal digital assistant) and shows a microprocessor80, a light source controller 82, and a light source drive 84. Theliquid crystal display device 100 includes a transmission type liquidcrystal panel 90 and a planar light source device or backlight 110arranged in back of it. For the planar light source device 110,typically a white cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) or a rod-shapedlight source such as a fluorescent light is used. As a typicalconfiguration, the light source may also be an array of LEDs arranged ona line.

The light source drive 84 is connected to an external AC power supply(not shown) and DC battery (not shown). The light source controller 82starts up the light source drive 84 in accordance with an instructionINST from the microprocessor or microcontroller 80 of an electronicdevice (not shown).

In FIG. 32, the planar light source device 110 includes a rod-shapedlight source 14, a schematically wedge-shaped light-guiding plate 12having two pairs of sides, each pair of opposite sides beingsubstantially parallel, a prism sheet 26 arranged in front of thelight-guiding plate 12, and a diffusion sheet 24 arranged between theprism sheet 26 and liquid crystal panel 90. The planar light sourcedevice 110 reflects and refracts the light from the rod-shaped lightsource 14 by the light-guiding plate 12 and the prism sheet 26 andradiates it toward the liquid crystal panel 90. The light-guiding plate12, prism sheet 26, diffusion sheet 24, and liquid crystal panel 90 arearranged so as to substantially contact each other, but in this figure,to clarify the structures, they are shown with intervals. Each of thelight-guiding plate 12, the prism sheet 26, the diffusion sheet 24, andthe liquid crystal panel 90 are rectangular shapes of an area of about200 cm.sup.2 of for example a Y-direction length Ly of about 10cm.times.X-direction length Lx of about 20 cm.

In FIG. 32, the direction from the light source 14 to the light-guidingplate 12 is the X-direction, the longitudinal direction of the lightsource 14 is the Y-direction, and the direction from the light-guidingplate 26 to the transmission type liquid crystal panel 90 is theZ-direction.

In FIG. 32, the light source 14 is arranged at the left side view of thelight-guiding plate 12 and radiates light toward the light-guiding plate12. Therefore, the light source 14 is a side light of the planar lightsource device 110. The light source 14 is surrounded by the reflector 16except for the light-guiding plate 12 side. The reflector 16 istypically an aluminum plate cover the inside surface of which is silverplated or covered by a mirror film. In the figure, part of the reflector16 is not shown to clarify the structure.

As shown in FIG. 32, the light-guiding plate 12 is a substantially wedgeshape on the XZ plane, that is, the back surface is inclined and becomesgradually thinner along the X-direction. The inclination angle .alpha.is in a range of 0 to 5 degrees. The light-guiding plate 12 typically ismade of an acrylic resin, has a thickness of a greatest thickness ofabout 2 mm at the position closest to the light source 14, and has athickness of the smallest thickness of about 1 mm at the positionfarthest from the light source 14.

The back surface of the light-guiding plate 12 has a parallel pluralityof elongated triangular prism parts 132 formed by a plurality of groovesand extending in the Y-direction arranged in the X-direction. The backsurface of the light-guiding plate 12 is covered by a known reflectionsheet or reflection plate 28. The front surface of the light guidingplate 12 has a parallel plurality of elongated triangular prism parts134, formed by a plurality of grooves and extending in the X-direction,arranged in the Y-direction.

Each back surface prism part 132 of the light-guiding plate 12 refractslight in the X-direction from the light source 14 inside thelight-guiding plate 12 toward the diffusion sheet 24 of the frontsurface by approximately 30 degrees, that is, by an emission angle ofabout 60 degrees, with respect to the front surface of the light-guidingplate 12. By arranging the diffusion sheet 24 between the prism sheet 26and the liquid crystal panel 90, the luminance of the display as a wholebecomes somewhat higher compared with the case of arranging it betweenthe light-guiding plate 12 and the prism sheet 26. The front surfaceprism part 134 condenses the emitted light heading toward the prismsheet 26 further in the Y-direction.

The prism sheet 26 refracts light striking the back surface atsubstantially 30 degrees, that is, an angle of about 60 degrees, andpassing through the back surface, by the prism part 134 in theZ-direction substantially perpendicular to the front surface andradiates it from the front surface toward the diffusion sheet 24. Thethickness of the prism sheet 26 is preferably a value in the range ofabout 150 μm to 250 μm, for example, about 200 μm.

The prism sheet 26 is also called a “lenticular lens sheet” and has atypically flat front surface at the side close to the liquid crystalpanel 90 and a back surface having a plurality elongated triangular andquadrangular prism parts 142 parallel to the longitudinal direction ofthe light source at the side close to the light-guiding plate 12, thatis, the Y-direction. The inclined surfaces of the triangular andquadrangular prism parts 142 are inclined by an angle in the angularrange of an angle of 30 degrees to 35 degrees, for example, .+−. about32.4 degrees, with respect to the line perpendicular to the plane of theflat front surface. The prism sheet 26 refracts and reflects the lightstriking the back surface by about 30 degrees (angle of incidence toplane of about 60 degrees) with respect to the front surface andradiates it from the front surface toward the diffusion sheet 24 in thesubstantially perpendicular direction.

The diffusion sheet 24 diffuses light in the generally Z-direction fromthe prism sheet 26 at an angle to enlarge the viewing angle of theliquid crystal display device 100.

FIGS. 33A, 33B, and 33D show the structures of the prism sheet 26according to the present invention and the modified prism sheets 452 and454. FIG. 33C shows the distribution of the pitch P of the prism parts142 of the FIGS. 33B and 33D. The plane 444 of the back surface shown bythe peak line positioned at the bottom parts of FIGS. 33A, 33B, and 33Dof the prism parts 142 in the prism sheets 26, 452, and 454 or thebroken line passing through the bottom surface is parallel to the plane442 of the flat front surface.

In FIG. 33A, the prism sheet 26 typically includes a PET film part 144and a plurality of prism parts 142 with side surfaces affixed to theback surface 446 of this film part 144. The thickness of the film part144 is typically about 100 μm. The prism parts 142 typically are formedby a UV (ultraviolet) curing resin. The thickness or height of the prismparts 142 is typically about 100 μm. The prism parts 142 according tothe embodiment of the present invention include a large number oftriangular prism parts 402 of the same dimensions and shapes arranged ata broad region 146 at the side far from the light source 14 and aplurality of triangular or quadrangular prism parts 1404 of differentdimensions and shapes arranged in the narrow region 48 at the side closeto the light source 14. The region 148 is the region for improving theunnecessarily high luminance near the light source 14. The length inX-direction of the region 148 is a value in the range of about 3 toabout 10 times the maximum thickness at the light source 14 side of thelight-guiding plate 12, for example, may be 6 mm for a maximum thicknessof 2 mm of the light-guiding plate 12.

The plurality of prism parts 402 in the region 146 have dimensions andshapes similar to ordinary ones and are separated from each other by aplurality of similar grooves 408. The prism parts 402 have two inclinedsurfaces. The plurality of prism parts 404 at the region 148 areseparated by the plurality of different grooves 410. The prism partshave two inclined surfaces 412 and a flat surface 406. Each flat surface406 is arranged between two inclined surfaces inclined in oppositedirections. The plurality of flat surfaces 406 are substantiallyparallel to the virtual plane passing through the inclined surfaces ofthe plurality of prism parts 402 and 404 and are substantially parallelto the surface of the light-guiding plate 12 at the prism sheet 26 side.These flat surfaces 406 are positioned on the bottom plane 444 of theprism sheet 26 in this drawing.

In a conventional prism, prism parts of the same dimensions and shapesas the prism parts 402 in the region 146 are also arranged at the region148. Due to this, there was the defect that the luminance of the planarlight source in the region of the distance about 3.5 times the maximumthickness of the light source 14 side of the light-guiding plate 12became unnecessarily higher. Further, the high luminance near the lightsource 14 cannot be sufficiently lowered even if applying diffusiontreatment with a prism part gradation in the region 148. This defect iseliminated by the structure of the prism parts 404 in the region 148 dueto the present invention.

In the region 148 near the light source 14, the area of the individualinclined surfaces 412 of the individual prism parts 404 becomes smallerthe closer to the light source 10, while the area of the individual flatsurfaces 406 becomes larger the closer to the light source 14. In FIG.33A, the pitch P of all of the prism parts 402 and 404 of the prismsheet 26 is equal. The top surfaces of the prism parts 404 or thebaseline, that is, the valley line of the grooves 410, are positioned onthe inclined plane 420. The depth of the individual grooves 410 becomesshallower the closer to the light source 10 in accordance with theregion of the inclined plane 420, that is, the height of the individualprism parts 404 becomes lower the closer to the light source 14, whilethe width in the X-direction of the individual flat surfaces 406 becomeslarger the closer to the light source 14, that is, the area of theindividual flat surfaces 406 becomes broader. The height of the prismpart 404 at the position closest to the light source at the region 148,that is, the depth of the grooves 410, is preferably a value in therange of 50 to 70% of the height of the prism part 402 in the region146, that is, the depth of the groove 410, for example, 60%. In theregion 148 near the light source 14, the ratio of the area of theinclined surfaces 412 per unit area is substantially gradually reducedthe closer to the light source 14. Further, in the region 148 near thelight source 14, the ratio of the area of the flat surfaces 406 withrespect to the area of the inclined surfaces 412 per unit area becomessubstantially gradually larger the closer to the light source 10.

In the planar light source device 110 of the above configuration, in theregion 148 near the light source 14, part of the light radiated from thelight-generating plate 12 toward the prism parts 404 is radiated in thegenerally Z-direction toward the diffusion sheet 24, while part of theremaining light radiated from the light-guiding plate 12 toward theprism part 404 is reflected toward the bottom right. Part of the lightof the reflected remainder is reflected at the prism parts 132 at theback surface of the light-guiding plate 12, passes through the frontsurface of the light-guiding plate 12, is radiated at an inclinationupward, and passes through the prism sheet 26 and is reflected in theinclined direction.

FIG. 35A shows the partially enlarged structure of a prism part 402 atthe region 146 far from the light source 14. FIG. 35B shows thepartially enlarged structure of a prism part 404 at a region 148 nearthe light source 14. FIGS. 35A and 35B are useful for explanation of thepropagation of light by the prism sheet 26.

In FIG. 35A, the angle .theta. formed by the adjoining inclined surfaces472 and 473 is a value in the range from 60 degrees to 70 degrees, forexample, is 65 degrees. As shown by the broken line arrows, the majorityof the light radiated from the light-guiding plate 12 in the top rightdirection toward the prism part 402 of the prism sheet 26 passes throughthe inclined surface 472, is reflected at the inclined surface 473, andis radiated upward perpendicular to the plane 442 of the front surface.

In FIG. 35B, the angle .theta. formed by the adjoining inclined surfaces474 and 475 is a value in a range of 60 degrees to 70 degrees, forexample, is 65 degrees. As shown by the broken line arrows, part of thelight radiated from the light-guiding plate 12 toward the prism sheet 26in the top right direction passes through the inclined surface 474, isreflected at the inclined surface 475, and is radiated upward generallyperpendicular to the plane 442 of the front surface. The ratio of thelight radiated upward with respect to the inclined light is reduced thecloser to the light source 14 in accordance with the change in size ofthe individual inclined surfaces 474 and 475 corresponding to thedistance from the light source 14. Part of the remaining light isreflected toward the bottom right by the flat surface 406, while anotherpart passes through the flat surface 406 and prism sheet 26 and isradiated to the top right at an inclination. The light radiated upwardin the Z-direction is reduced by exactly this amount. The ratio, withrespect to the incident light, of the light reflected toward the bottomright and the light passing through the prism sheet 26 and radiatedtoward the top right increases the closer to the light source 14 inaccordance with the change in size of the individual flat surfaces 406corresponding to the distance from the light source 10.

FIG. 33B shows a prism sheet 452 according to another embodiment of thepresent invention. FIG. 33C shows the distribution of the length of thepitch P of the prism parts 142 in the X-direction. In FIG. 33B, thepitch P of the prism parts 402 and the pitch P of the prism parts 404are different. The individual pitch P between the prism parts 404becomes larger the closer to the light source 10 as shown by the solidline 422 in FIG. 33C. The heights of the prisms 402 and 404 are thesame, that is, the widths and depths of the grooves 408 and 410 are thesame. The area of the individual flat areas of the region 148 becomeslarger the closer to the light source 14 in the same way as FIG. 33A.The individual inclined surfaces 412 in the region 148 become larger ininterval and sparser in density the closer to the light source 14.

FIG. 33D shows a prism sheet 454 according to still another embodimentof the present invention. The prism sheet 454 has the features of bothof the prism sheet 26 of FIG. 33A and the prism sheet 452 of FIG. 33B.That is, in the region 148 near the light source 10 of the prism sheet454, the closer to the light source 14, the lower the height of theindividual prism parts 404, the greater the pitch between the prismparts, the smaller the depth and width of the individual grooves 410,and the larger the area of the individual flat surfaces 406. Theinclination of the inclined plane 424 including the valley line of theplurality of grooves 410 is smaller than the inclination of the plane420 of FIG. 33A, while the inclination of the change of the pitch Pbetween the prism parts 404 in the region 148 is shown by the brokenline 425 in FIG. 33C and is smaller than the inclination of the changeof the pitch shown by the solid line 422 in FIG. 33C.

FIGS. 34A to 34C show the prism sheets 456, 458, and 460 having stillother structures modified from the prism sheet 26 according to thepresent invention. The planes 426 and 428 shown by the valley line ofthe prism parts 404 or the broken lines passing through the bottomsurfaces of the prism sheets 456, 458, and 460 are inclined. The pitchof the prism parts 404 is the same as the pitch of the prism parts 402.

In FIG. 34A, the prism parts 404 are shaped as a series of prism partsin the region 148 of the same dimensions and shapes as the plurality ofprism parts 402 but with the bottom parts cut away along the inclinedplane 426. Therefore, the flat surfaces 406 of the prism parts 404 inthe region 148 are on the plane 426 inclined somewhat. The area of theindividual flat surfaces 406 becomes larger the closer to the lightsource 10. The area of the individual inclined surfaces 412 becomessmaller than closer to the light source 14.

In FIG. 34B, the prism sheet 448 is corrected so that the individualflat surfaces 406 become parallel to the plane 144 of the front surface.The center line in the Y-direction of the flat surfaces 406 of the prismpart 404 in the region 48 is on the inclined plane 426. The area of theindividual flat surfaces 406 becomes larger the closer to the lightsource 14. The area of the inclined surfaces 412 of the individual prismparts 404 becomes smaller the closer to the light source 14.

In FIG. 34C, the prism sheet 460 is formed with dimensions and shapes ofthe prism parts 404 all triangular and with the parts of the bottomsurfaces of the prisms 144 as flat surfaces 406 of the valleys of thegrooves 410. The peak line or bottom surfaces of the prism parts 404 inthe region 148 are on the inclined plane 428. The area of the individualflat surfaces 406 becomes larger the closer to the light source 14. Thearea of the individual inclined surfaces 412 becomes smaller the closerto the light source 14.

Experts in this field clearly can freely combine the features of theprism sheets shown in FIGS. 33A to 33D and FIGS. 34A to 34C.

FIG. 36A is a side view of a planar light source device 110 in theY-direction. FIG. 36B shows the luminance at a front surface side of aliquid crystal panel 90 with respect to the distance from the lightsource in the X-direction. The light from the light source 14 isreflected in the generally inclined top right direction by thelight-guiding plate 12, then the reflected light is refracted andreflected in the generally Z-direction by the prism sheet 261. The solidline curve 502 in FIG. 36B shows the distribution of the luminance ofthe planar light source using a conventional prism sheet having prismparts in the region 148 of the same dimensions and shapes as the prismparts 402 in the region 146. Compared with the curve 502, it isunderstood that the curve 504 has a generally uniform luminance due tothe structure of the prism parts 404.

However, the curve 504 in FIG. 36B includes local nonuniformity of theluminance. For example, the luminance such as shown by the highluminance part 506 sometimes appears locally at the region 148. Theinventors researched this and found that the bright line 502 is due tothe light condensed at the mirror-like end at the prism sheet 26 side ofthe reflector 16 of the light source 14. Therefore, the mirror-like endis provided with a diffusion part 118 to which for example a white sealhaving diffusion ability is adhered or a coating is applied to reducethe luminance and thereby obtain a curve 508 with no local highluminance part 506.

FIG. 37A is a side view of a planar light source 110 having a prismsheet 26 treated for diffusion for making the luminance more uniform atthe region 148 near the light source 10. FIG. 37B shows the degree ofdiffusion treatment with respect to the distance in the X-direction fromthe light source 14 at the prism sheet 26. The pitch P between the prismparts 404 at the region 148 at the light source 14 side is large, sostripes of noticeable brightness as shown by the stripes 506 in thecurve 504 in FIG. 36B appear at the region 148 in some cases. Thesestripes of brightness can form the diffusion part 52 on the surface ofthe prism part 404 in the region 148 and/or can form the diffusion part524 on the top surface of the prism sheet 26 corresponding to the prismpart 404 to further locally diffuse the light and thereby make theluminance at the region 148 uniform.

As shown in FIG. 37B, the diffusion treatment makes the degree ofdiffusion greater the closer to the light source 14. The luminance ofthe planar light source 110 falls along with the degree of diffusiontreatment. By reducing the luminance roughly by for exactly about 90% ofthe target amount of reduction by the shape of the prism explainedrelating to FIGS. 33A and 33B and 33D and FIGS. 34A to 34C and thenfinely adjusting the luminance by the diffusion treatment so as toreduce the luminance by for example the remaining about 10%, it ispossible to obtain the desired uniformity of luminance across the entireliquid crystal panel 90. With just the diffusion treatment, it is notpossible to sufficiently reduce the luminance in the region 148. Withdiffusion treatment, light is just partially attenuated. The excesslight at the region 148 cannot be reflected toward the region 146sufficiently.

For this diffusion treatment, fine particles are placed against the partof a negative (female) mold (not shown) corresponding to that part,where the diffusion treatment is to be performed, of the surface of theprism parts 404 of the prism sheet 26 and/or top surface of the filmpart 144 to form scratches or depressions. The amount of the scratchesor depressions increases in accordance with the length of the time theparticles are applied and the degree of diffusion is adjusted. Adiffusion part 522 and/or 524 including large numbers of fineprojections is formed at the surface of the prism sheet 26 correspondingto the scratches or depressions.

FIG. 38A is a side view of a planar light source 110 having a prismsheet 26 given a diffusion treatment 522 for making the luminance moreuniform at the region 148 near the light source and a diffusiontreatment 526 for enlarging the viewing angle. In this figure, thediffusion sheet 24 at FIG. 37A is removed. Instead of using thediffusion sheet 24, diffusion treatment 526 is given. In this case, thediffusion sheet 24 is not needed, so the structure of the planar lightsource 110 becomes simpler. FIG. 38B shows the distributions 542 and 544of the degrees of the diffusion treatments 522 and 526 with respect tothe distribution from the light source 14 in the X-direction in theprism sheet of FIG. 38A.

The solid line 544 in FIG. 38B expresses the distribution of the degreeof diffusion of the diffusion treatment 526 at the surface of the frontsurface of the prism sheet 26. The degree of diffusion of the diffusiontreatment 526 is substantially constant across the entire prism sheet26. The degree of diffusion of the diffusion treatment 522 shown by thesolid line 522 has a distribution similar to that shown in FIG. 37B.

Regarding the light-guiding plate 12, the viewing angle in the directionperpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the side light source 14is generally extremely narrow compared with the viewing angle in thedirection parallel to the longitudinal direction. If setting a degree ofdiffusion in the parallel direction to the same extent as the degree ofdiffusion in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal directionof the side light source 14, the defect arises that the degree ofdiffusion in the parallel direction becomes stronger.

FIG. 40 shows diffusion having a degree of diffusion different in theX-direction and Y-direction at the prism sheet 26. It is preferable tomake the degree of diffusion in the direction parallel to thelongitudinal direction of the side light source 14 relatively weakcompared with direction perpendicular to it and ensure that an optimaldegree of diffusion is formed in both the perpendicular direction andthe longitudinal direction and thereby have the viewing angle in theperpendicular direction enlarged. As a technique giving anisotropy tothe degree of diffusion, there is the method using oval-shaped airbubbles as described in the known Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication(Kokai) No. 2001-4813. Here, the entirety of that document isincorporated by reference. Therefore, it is sufficient to use suchoval-shaped air bubbles at the diffusion treatment part 526 of FIG. 38A.At the diffusion treatment part 528 of FIG. 39A, it is sufficient toform oval-shaped air bubbles, then place fine particles against theregion 148 and thereby give the degree of diffusion treatment thedistribution 546. In FIG. 40, the light 532 passing through the prismsheet 26 and proceeding to the front surface becomes broader in theX-direction and narrower in the Y-direction as shown by the diffusionrange 536 at the top surface given the diffusion treatments 526 and 528having anisotropy in this way.

FIG. 39A is a side view of the planar light source 110 having a prismsheet 26 given the diffusion treatment 528 for making the luminance moreuniform and enlarging the viewing angle at the region 148 near the lightsource 14. In this figure as well, in the same way as FIG. 38A, thediffusion sheet 24 at FIG. 37A is removed. In this case, the diffusionsheet 24 is unnecessary, so the structure of the planar light source 110becomes simpler. Further, it is sufficient to apply diffusion treatmentjust once to the surface of the front surface of the prism sheet 26, sothe treatment steps become simple. FIG. 39B shows the distribution 546of the degree of diffusion treatment with respect to the distance fromthe light source 14 in the X-direction in the prism sheet of FIG. 39A.

The solid line 546 in FIG. 39B shows the distribution of the degree ofdiffusion of the diffusion treatment 528 at the surface of the frontsurface of the prism sheet 26. The degree of diffusion of the diffusiontreatment 526 corresponds to the sum of the distributions 542 and 544 ofFIG. 38B. At the region 158 of the prism sheet 26 near the light source14, the degree of diffusion becomes larger the closer to the lightsource 10, while at the region 56 far from the light source 10, it issubstantially constant over the entire area.

FIG. 41A—shows a perspective view of a prism sheet 40 having prism parts402 and 404 divided along the Y-direction by a plurality of grooves.FIGS. 41B to 41D show side views of the prism sheet seen along the B-,C-, and D-directions (Y-direction, X-direction and -X-direction) in FIG.41A. The prism parts 402 and 404 are formed into pyramid shapes. Theplurality of grooves in the X-direction or the prism shapes are providedas alternative configurations to the prism part 134 of the top surfaceof the light-guiding plate 12. Therefore, in this case, the top surface134 of the light-guiding plate is flat. When the prism parts 402 and 404are not pyramid shapes as shown in FIG. 41A, that is, when the peak lineof the plurality of prism parts 1134 at the top surface of thelight-guiding plate 12 (FIG. 32) and the peak line of the plurality ofprism parts 402 and 404 of the prism sheet 26 intersect with each other,vibration from the outside to the liquid crystal display 100 will causethe light-guiding plate 12 and the prism parts 402 and 404 to rubagainst each other at those peak lines and thereby the peak line partsof the prisms will be damaged. Such damage can be prevented by thepyramid structure of FIG. 41A.

FIGS. 42A to 42E show basic shapes of the prism parts 402 and 404. Thebroken line 430 shows the position of the flat parts 406 of the prisms404. The prism parts of FIG. 42A have flat inclined surfaces. The prismparts of FIG. 42B have flat inclined surfaces at the light source 10side and inclined surfaces curved into projections at the oppositesides. The prism parts of FIG. 42C have both inclined surfaces curvedinto projections. The prism parts of FIG. 42D have the points of thepeaks at the bottom sides flattened. The prism parts of FIG. 42E havethe points of the peaks rounded. Due to the structures of FIGS. 42D and42E, the tendency for the peaks of the prism parts 402 and 404 of theprism sheet 26 and the top surface of the light-guiding plate 12 to rubagainst each other and damage each other is reduced.

The embodiments explained above were only given as representativeexamples. The combinations of the elements of the embodiments and theirmodifications and variations are clear to persons skilled in the art. Aperson skilled in the art clearly could make various modifications tothe above embodiments without departing from the principles of thepresent invention and the scope of the invention set forth in theclaims.

As explained above, according to the present invention, by providing aplurality of projections or depressions at inside surfaces of end partsof a reflector, the light striking the light-guiding plate and becomingbright lines from the gaps of overlapping regions of the reflector andlight-guiding plate or the imperfect edges of the light-guiding plate iseased and thereby a planar light source with a uniform luminancedistribution is obtained. Further, by providing a plurality ofprojections or depressions extending substantially parallel to theemission surface of the light-guiding plate at the incident surface ofthe light-guiding plate, the angular distribution of the lightproceeding from the incident surface to the light-guiding plate is madeuniform and unevenness of luminance is improved.

Further, by combining a light-guiding plate having a prism incidentsurface, prism reflection surface, and prism emission surface and areflection sheet having a regular reflection rate of at least 80%, it ispossible to obtain a light of a high luminance and having a luminancedistribution substantially uniform from close to the light source to farfrom it.

Although a few embodiments have been shown and described, it would beappreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made inthese embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit ofthe invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and theirequivalents.

1. A light-guiding plate comprising: an incident surface; and anemission surface substantially perpendicular to said incident surface,wherein said incident surface having a surface substantiallyperpendicular to said incident surface, said incident surface having aplurality of projections or depressions extending substantially parallelto said emission surface, and said incident surface having flat planesamong said projections or depressions.
 2. The light-guiding plate as setforth in claim 1, wherein said light-guiding plate has projections atthe emission surface.
 3. The light-guiding plate as set forth in claim1, said projections or depressions formed as wavy curves.
 4. Thelight-guiding plate as set forth in claim 1, said projections ordepressions are formed as a V-shape, wherein a vertical angle of saidV-shape is 90 degrees to 150 degrees. actions or depressions are formed.5. The light-guiding plate as set forth in claim 1, wherein saidprojections or depressions are formed by combining a plurality ofplanes.
 6. An optical source device comprising: a light source; and alight-guiding plate comprising: an incident surface receiving light fromsaid light source, and an emission surface substantially perpendicularto said incident surface, wherein said incident surface having a surfacesubstantially perpendicular to said incident surface, said incidentsurface having a plurality of projections or depressions extendingsubstantially parallel to said emission surface, and said incidentsurface having flat planes among said projections or depressions.
 7. Theoptical source device as set forth in claim 6, wherein saidlight-guiding plate has projections at the emission surface.
 8. Theoptical source device as set forth in claim 6, wherein said projectionsor depressions are formed as wavy curves.
 9. The optical source deviceas set forth in claim 6, wherein said projections are formed as aV-shape, wherein a vertical angle of said V-shape is 90 degrees to 150degrees.
 10. The optical source device as set forth in claim 6, saidprojections or depressions are formed by combining a plurality ofplanes.
 11. An electronic device comprising: a display element; and alight-guiding plate comprising: an incident surface, and an emissionsurface substantially perpendicular to said incident surface andemitting to said display element, wherein said incident surface having asurface substantially perpendicular to said incident surface, saidincident surface having a plurality of projections or depressionsextending substantially parallel to said emission surface, and saidincident surface having flat planes among said projections ordepressions.
 12. The electronic device as set forth in claim 11, whereinsaid light-guiding plate has projections at the emission surface. 13.The electronic device as set forth in claim 11, wherein said projectionsor depressions are formed as wavy curves.
 14. The electronic device asset forth in claim 11, wherein said projections or depressions areformed in a V-shape, wherein a vertical angle of said V-shape is 90degrees to 150 degrees.
 15. The electronic device as set forth in claim5, wherein said projections or depressions are formed by combining aplurality of planes.
 16. A light-guiding plate comprising: an incidentsurface; and an emission surface substantially perpendicular to saidincident surface, wherein said incident surface having a surfacesubstantially perpendicular to said incident surface, said incidentsurface having a plurality of projections or depressions extendingsubstantially parallel to said emission surface, and said projections ordepressions decreasing uneven brightness on said emission surface. 17.An electronic device comprising: a display element; and a light-guidingplate comprising: an incident surface, and an emission surfacesubstantially perpendicular to said incident surface and emitting lightto said display element, wherein said incident surface having a surfacesubstantially perpendicular to said incident surface, said incidentsurface having a plurality of projections or depression extendingsubstantially parallel to said emission surface, and said projections ordepressions decreasing uneven brightness on said emission surface.